Death said:
(The fate of the
ARA Generalisimo Belgrano (ex-USS Phoenix), in the Falklands campaign, is hardly a big selling point for "big gun" warships, either, though the Belgrano was only a light cruiser.)
Using an example from the Falklands War is an interesting example. That same war established the French "Exocet" missile in British minds as a very powerful and fearsome weapon. A single missile managed to breach the defenses and sink the HMS Sheffield. Yet in 1987, an Iraqi Mirage fighter accidentally fired 2 exocets against the US Navy missile frigate USS Stark. The Stark was heavily damaged, but did not sink. Why could a frigate (a very small boat) take twice the punishment of a larger destroyer?
The answer lies in the area of military design. You see, the Exocet is actually a very poor weapon, with a mere 167kg warhead. WWII torpedos were easily twice that yield per weapon, and it generally took several to sink a ship. The HMS Sheffield sank because she was built under new thinking that an aluminum hull would be sufficient for a well screened ship. This made her lighter in the water (thus faster), but also dropped her survivability to nil. In addition, the modern British light aircraft carriers proved to be incapable of providing cover for the battlegroup AND force projection. As a result, the Exocets were able to launch and intercept British ships.
American ships, OTOH, are still built with sufficient armor to survive a firefight. Thus the two Exocets fired at the USS Stark were unable to remove the ship from fighting condition. Had the Stark been a full blown battleship, it's quite likely that she would have suffered comparitively minor damage from such blows. Because of this, a common American joke arose:
Q: What does the captain of an Iowa class battleship do when hit by an Exocet missile?
A: He sends two ratings up top. One with a broom, the other with a spraycan.
Coming back around to the case of the ARA General Belgrano, the problem is not that she could be attacked by submarines. Such attacks were a regular event in WWII, and generally proceded along the same lines as the Belgrano. i.e. In a surprise attack, the British fired four 363kg torpedos at the Belgrano, two of which hit their target and managed to shatter the hull. Had the Belgrano been a full sized battleship, it is likely that she would have held together and replied with the full anti-submarine force available to a battleship.
The real reason why battleships are retired has nothing to do with their survivability and has everything to do with aircraft carriers. You see, WWII proved that a carrier can deliver torpedos to a target miles outside the range of a battleship. i.e. Carriers can easily sink a battleship long before the battleship can get within range to attack the carrier. The Japanese had a hard time believing this in WWII, and this led to their defeat in the Battle of Midway.
The result of this is that we're unlikely to see battleships again used in Naval warfare. They've been pulled out of mothballs a few times, but only for the purpose of ground bombardment. (Shells are cheaper than sending a missile or aircraft.) The intent of the railgun weapon is to maintain this inexpensive bombardment ability, while again making long range artilery a useful force in Naval combat. The EM Rail Gun system to be installed on the DD(X) class will have a maximum range of 250 miles. The munitions will have control surfaces, and will be guided to the target by GPS. The maximum hang time for that range is 6 minutes as opposed to the 60 minutes of a traditional missile. As a result, the US's smaller ships will carry all the teeth of a larger battleship, but with greater stealth, speed, and safety from return fire.
EDIT: An addition from
Wikipedia:
The Exocet that struck the Sheffield failed to explode but the impact of the missile travelling at 315 m/s and laden with unburnt rocket fuel was enough to set the ship ablaze. Accounts suggest that the initial impact of the missile immediately destroyed the ship's onboard electricity generating systems and prevented the anti-fire mechanisms from operating effectively, dooming the ship to be consumed by the raging fire.
I'm sorry, but for a Naval vessel that performance is just sad.